1. Wetting mmetụta

Mgbe ihe siri ike na kọntaktị na mmiri mmiri ahụ, ihe ntanetị siri ike / gas na mmiri / gas dị iche iche na-apụ n'anya na ihu igwe ọhụrụ siri ike / mmiri mmiri. A na-akpọ usoro a wetting. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, eriri textile bụ porous ihe nwere nnukwu ihu. Mgbe ihe ngwọta ahụ gbasaa na eriri, ọ ga-abanye na ọdịiche dị n'etiti eriri ma chụpụ ikuku, na-atụgharị ikuku ikuku / eriri mbụ ka ọ bụrụ mmiri mmiri / eriri. Ọ bụ ahụkarị wetting usoro; mgbe ihe ngwọta ga-abanye eriri n'otu oge ahụ, a na-akpọ usoro a penetration. A na-akpọ ndị na-arụ ọrụ enyemaka na-enyere wetting na penetration aka wetting mmadụ na penetrant.

2. Emulsification

Emulsification na-ezo aka na mmiri immiscible abụọ (dịka mmanụ na mmiri), otu n’ime ha bụ nke a kpụrụ site n ’ịgbasa obere mkpụrụ irighiri (nha urughuru 10-8 ~ 10-5m) n’ime mmiri nke ọzọ Ọrụ nke emulsion. A na-akpọ ụmụ irighiri mmanụ gbasasịa na mmiri emulsions mmanụ-na-mmiri (O / W), na mmiri ụmụ irighiri mmiri a na-achụsasị na mmanụ a na-akpọ mmiri-na-mmanụ emulsions (W / O). A na-akpọ ndị na-eme ihe ike nwere ike inyere aka emulsifiers emulsifiers. Ndị na-emegharị ahụ eji eme ihe dị ka emulsifiers nwere ọrụ abụọ: nkwụsi ike na nchekwa.

 

(1) Nkwusi

Emulsifier nwere mmetụta nke mbenata esemokwu nke esemokwu n'etiti mmiri abụọ ahụ iji kwado usoro agwakọta. Nke a bụ n'ihi na mgbe a gbasasịrị mmanụ (ma ọ bụ mmiri) n'ọtụtụ obere mmiri na mmiri (ma ọ bụ mmanụ), a na-ebuwanye ebe kọntaktị n'etiti ha, na-ebute mmụba nke ike nke usoro na ọnọdụ na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe. Mgbe agbakwunyere emulsifier, a na-etinye lipophilic otu nke emulsifier molecule n'elu nke ụmụ irighiri mmiri ka ụmụ hydrophilic gbatịrị n'ime mmiri ahụ, ma kwekọọ na elu nke mmiri ahụ na-emepụta hydrophilic molekụla ihe nkiri, nke na-ebelata esemokwu esemokwu nke mmanụ / mmiri, Nke na-ebelata ike nke usoro ahụ ma na-ebelata ihe na-adọrọ adọrọ n'etiti ụmụ irighiri mmanụ, na-egbochi ụmụ irighiri mmanụ ka ha gbakọba ma kewaa abụọ.

(2) Nchebe

Ihe omuma ihe omuma nke mebere site na surfactant n’elu nkpuru mmanu bu ihe nchedo siri ike nke puru igbochi nkpuru mmanu imeghari na nchikota. Ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ ihe nkiri onyonyo gbadoro agbado nke ihe ikuku mmiri mepụtara, a ga-ebokwa ụmụ irighiri mmanụ ụgwọ otu ụdị ụgwọ ahụ, nke ga-eme ka ihe na-asọ ibe ha ma gbochie ụmụ irighiri mmanụ si na-ezukọta mgbe ha na-emekọ ihe ugboro ugboro.

 

3.mịpụ mmetụta mmetọ

N'ihi mmetụta emulsification nke surfactant, griiz na unyi ahụ wepụrụ site na ala siri ike nwere ike bụrụ nke emulsified wee gbasasịa na mmiri mmiri ahụ, agakwaghị etinye ya na elu kpochara iji mepụta ọrịa ọzọ.

A na-akọwa usoro nke ịwepụ mmanụ mmiri mmiri site na ala iji gosipụta ọrụ nke ndị na-eme ihe nkiri. Mmiri mmanụ dị na mbụ gbasaa na ala siri ike. Mgbe agbakwunyere surfactants, n'ihi esemokwu dị ala ya, ngwa ngwa mmiri na-agbasa ngwa ngwa n'elu ala ahụ siri ike ma mee ka mmiri sie ike, ma jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ dochie mmanụ mmanụ. Mmanụ mmanụ na-agbasa na ala ahụ siri ike jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ gbagoo n'ime ụmụ irighiri mmanụ (nkuku kọntaktị ahụ ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-abawanye, na-agbanwe site na wetting na non-wetting).

 

4.enspension mgbasa

Usoro a na-ekesa solids anaghị agbasa n’ime ihe ngwọta nwere obere ihe iji mepụta nkwusioru akpọrọ dispersion. A na-akpọ surfactant nke na-akwalite mgbasa nke solids ma na-etolite nkwụsịtụ anụ na-agbasasị. N'ezie, mgbe ọkara siri ike mmanụ emulsified ma gbasasịa na ngwọta, ọ na-esiri ike ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti usoro ụfọdụ bụ emulsification ma ọ bụ dispersion, na emulsifier na dispersant na-abụkarị otu ihe ahụ, ya mere tinye ha abụọ ọnụ na iji ya. Emulsifying na-achụsasị gị n'ụlọnga.

Ofkpụrụ nke ihe nke ndị na-achụpụ mmiri bụ otu ihe ahụ na nke emulsifiers. Ihe dị iche bụ na ihe ndị ahụ gbasasiri ike na-adịkarị ala karịa ụmụ irighiri emulsified.

 

5.foaming mmetụta

A na-akpọ steeti gas gbasasịa na mmiri mmiri afụ. Ọ bụrụ na mmiri mmiri dị mfe iji mepụta ihe nkiri ma ọ dịghị mfe imebi, mmiri mmiri ahụ ga-emepụta ọtụtụ egosipụta mgbe ọ kpaliri. Mgbe emechara ụfụfụ, gas / mmiri mmiri dị na sistemụ na-abawanye nke ukwuu, na-eme ka usoro ahụ kwụsie ike, ya mere, ọfụfụ ahụ dị mfe ịkụ. Mgbe agbakwunyere surfactant na ihe ngwọta, a na-etinye mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nkedo na gas / mmiri mmiri, nke ọ bụghị naanị na-ebelata esemokwu dị n'etiti gas / mmiri mmiri, kamakwa na -emepụta ihe nkiri monomolecular nwere ike ụfọdụ iji mee ụfụfụ ahụ siri ike ịkụ.

Nnukwu mmiri ngwọta nwere ogo dị iche iche nke mmetụta ụfụfụ. N'ozuzu, ndị na-agba mmiri anionic nwere ihe ndị na-asụ ụfụfụ siri ike, ebe ndị na-emepụta ihe na-adịghị mma nwere ike ịfụfụfụ, karịsịa mgbe ejiri ha karịa igwe ojii.

Ebe ọ bụ na elu ụfụfụ nwere mmetụta adsorption siri ike na unyi, ọ na-adịte aka nke ịsacha ihe ka mma, ọ nwekwara ike igbochi unyi ịtọgbọghachi n'elu ihe ahụ. Ya mere, ndị mmadụ na-eche mgbe niile na nchacha nwere ezigbo ụfụfụ nwere ikike imebi ike. Ya mere, ọtụtụ ndị na-ehicha mmiri ga-ebelata nrụgide nke mgbapụta ugboelu ma ọ gaghị enye aka ịsachasị. Ya mere, ekwesịrị iji ụdị ụfụfụ na-enweghị ụfụfụ mee ihe na nke a. Ogwu oru.

 

6. nchikota aka

Solubilization na-ezo aka na mmetụta nke ndị na-eme ihe iji mee ka solubility nke mmiri anaghị edozi ma ọ bụ ihe anaghị edozi mmiri. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, solubility nke benzene na mmiri bụ 0.09% (oke olu). Ọ bụrụ na agbakwunye surfactants (dị ka sodium oleate), na solubility nke benzene Ọ nwere ike mụbara na- 10%.

Achọpụtaghị mmetụta nke solubilization na micelles nke ndị na-eme mmiri na-emepụta. Micelles bụ micelles nke ụdọ hydrocarbon guzobere na ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị na-eme ka ihe na-emekọ ọnụ na ngwọta mmiri site na mmekọrịta hydrophobic. N'ime micelle bụ ezigbo hydrocarbon mmiri, yabụ ihe ndị na-abụghị polar organic solutes dị ka benzene na mineral mmanụ na-anaghị anyụ mmiri na mmiri dị mfe igbari na micelle. Solubilization bụ usoro nke micelles na-agbaze ihe lipophilic. Ọ bụ a pụrụ iche utịp nke surfactants. Ya mere, ọ bụ naanị mgbe ịta ahụhụ nke surfactant na ihe ngwọta ahụ dị elu karịa ịta ahụhụ micelle, enwere nnukwu micelles na ngwọta ahụ. Solubilization na-eme naanị mgbe oge, yana nnukwu micelle olu, nke ka ukwuu na solubilization ike.

Solubilization dị iche na emulsification. Emulsification bu ihe na-akwusi otutu ihe na-adighi agbanwe agbanwe nke enwetara site na igbasa mmiri mmiri n'ime mmiri (ma obu ihe ozo mmiri ozo), ebe ihe ndi ozo na-eme ka ihe edozi ya na ihe ndi edozi ya di na otu usoro. adọ. Mgbe ụfọdụ, otu surfactant nwere ma emulsification na solubilization utịp, ma naanị mgbe ya ịta bụ n'elu oké egwu micelle ịta nwere ike solubilization mmetụta.

 

7.soft na-eji ire ụtọ

Mgbe surfactant ụmụ irighiri ihe na-kwekọọ na n'elu akwa, ndị ikwu static esemokwu ọnụọgụ nwere ike belata. Dị ka linear alkyl polyol polyoxyethylene ether, linear alkyl fatty acid polyoxyethylene ether na ndị ọzọ nonionic surfactants na ọtụtụ cationic surfactants nwere mmetụta nke mbenata static esemokwu ọnụọgụ, ya mere enwere ike iji ya mee ka akwa nro. Ndị na-arụ ọrụ nwere ngalaba alkyl ma ọ bụ nke na-esi ísì ụtọ enweghị ike ịhazi usoro nhazi dị mma n'elu akwa ahụ, yabụ ha adabaghị maka iji dị nro.

 

8. Mmetụta na-emetụta

Anfọdụ anactic surfactants na quaternary ammonium salt cationic surfactants dị mfe ịmịkọrọ mmiri ma mepụta oyi akwa ihe nkedo n'elu akwa ahụ, yabụ ha nwere mmetụta antistatic ma jiri ya dị ka ndị ọrụ antistatic maka akwa akwa kemịkal. 9. mmetụta bactericidal

Quaternary ammonium bactericides nwere njirimara nke ogige ionic. Ha na-adị mfe soluble na mmiri ma ọ bụghị na ndị na-abụghị ndị polar solvents, na nwere anụ chemical Njirimara. Usoro nke ụdị nje a bụ tumadi site na ike electrostatic, ike njikọ hydrogen na njikọta hydrophobic n'etiti ụmụ irighiri ihe akwara na mkpụrụ ndụ protein, wdg, iji adsorb ebubo nje na-ezighi ezi ma mee ka ha zukọta na mgbidi cell, na-akpata lysis na mmepụta . Mmetụta na-egbochi ime ụlọ na-egbochi uto nke nje bacteria na ọnwụ. N'otu oge ahụ, ìgwè ya hydrophobic alkyl nwekwara ike iso ndị hydrophilic nke nje na-emekọrịta ihe iji gbanwee ikike nke akpụkpọ ahụ, wee banye lysis, mebie usoro sel ahụ, wee mee ka mgbasa na ọnwụ ghara ịdị. Nke a na ụdị fungicides nwere nnukwu arụmọrụ, ala toxicity, ọ dịghị ìgwè, agafeghị oke toxicity ka azu, na-adịghị mfe emetụta pH mgbanwe, bụ adaba iji, nwere ike ekpepụsị utịp ke imi oyi akwa, na nwere ike chemical Njirimara, mgbasa na Mgbochi arụ ọrụ ọma na njirimara ndị ọzọ.

Kemgbe nchọpụta nke bactericidal mmetụta nke cationic surfactants na 1935, 4 ruo 6-ọgbọ quaternary ammonium nnu nje na-emepụta ngwaahịa ka e mepụtara ruo ugbu a. Ọgbọ nke mbụ bụ alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride, cetyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, wdg; ọgbọ nke abụọ bụ nke mbu pụta, nke a na-eme na mgbanaka benzene ma ọ bụ nitrogen quaternary nke nnu ammonium quaternary enwetara site na mmechi nnọchi: ngwaahịa nke atọ bụ dialkyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, dị ka didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, wdg; ọgbọ nke anọ bụ ngwakọta ngwakọta nke ọgbọ mbụ na nke atọ; Ejiri dị ka nnu ammonium quaternary abụọ dị ka: ethylene bis (dodecyl dimethyl ammonium bromide), ha bụ ndị gemini ma ọ bụ dimer type surfactants.

Quaternary ammonium bactericide abụghị naanị na ọ nwere mmetụta nke nje, kamakwa ọ na-enwe mmetụta peeling siri ike na slime. Ọ nwere ike igbu nje bacteria na-ebelata sulfate nke na-eto n'okpuru slime. Ọ nwekwara mmetụta na-egbochi mmebi na mmekorita mgbe ejiri ya na ndị ọrụ ndị ọzọ. Ndị a na-ahụkarị bụ 1227 (dodecyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride), 1231 (dodecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride), dodecyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium bromide, 1427 (iri na anọ Alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride), dodecyl dimethylmetamlide chromide,